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The Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test are usually adopted to evaluate the bioavailability of peptides at the animal level (100), while in vitro experiments are used to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with the action of active peptides (101)

In-vitro studies using primary neuronal cells or immortalized neuronal cell lines (like PC12 or SH-SY5Y) have been used to examine the peptide's influence on neurite outgrowth, cell survival, and the expression of nerve growth factors

doi: 10.1189/jlb.0108024 164 SongWLiDTaoLLuoQChenL

Cell and Tissue Research, 377(2), 153-159

Carnitine supplementation also had an ergogenic effect and was shown to increase work output by 11% in a performance trial with a fixed duration of 30 min

Panel members with backgrounds in academia, rather than peptides, mostly voted against the substances